The AP economics study hub

See the concept.
Read the real story.

Connect the monthly recaps to AP Macroeconomics and AP Microeconomics. Each article has a course connection and an original practice question with a revealable explanation.

Start with a concept, open the recap, then explain the mechanism in your own words. These are selected learning connections, not a complete AP course or official exam preparation.

Build your economics toolkit

Review. Recall.
Apply.

Study key terms from all six units in each course, then test your understanding with a separate quiz for every unit.

Explore the vocabulary library ↗

Take an AP unit quiz ↗

A model in motion / AP Macro Unit 3

What can a higher input cost do?

Assume higher energy costs, unchanged aggregate demand, and no other shocks. See how a leftward shift in short-run aggregate supply changes the equilibrium.

Aggregate demand and short-run aggregate supplyToggle to show SRAS shifting left. Under the stated assumptions the new equilibrium has a higher price level and lower real GDP.PricelevelReal GDPADSRAS₁SRAS₂P₂Y₂P₁Y₁

Starting equilibrium: price level P₁ and real output Y₁.

This is an illustrative model, not a plotted estimate of actual GDP or prices. Real-world price movements alone do not identify the cause.

Find your next example

Browse by course and unit.

21 learning connections

January 2025

Inflation, purchasing power & opportunity cost ↗

Macro unit 2 · Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
Micro unit 1 · Basic Economic Concepts

Read: A more expensive start to the year

February 2025

Inflation, purchasing power & opportunity cost ↗

Macro unit 2 · Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
Micro unit 1 · Basic Economic Concepts

Read: Inflation cooled. Prices still rose.

March 2025

Unemployment & derived demand for labor ↗

Macro unit 2 · Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
Micro unit 5 · Factor Markets

Read: A price dip and a stronger hiring report

April 2025

Tariffs, imports & economic welfare ↗

Macro unit 6 · Open Economy—International Trade and Finance
Micro unit 2 · Supply and Demand

Read: Tariffs made the economic picture harder to read

May 2025

Inflation, purchasing power & opportunity cost ↗

Macro unit 2 · Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
Micro unit 1 · Basic Economic Concepts

Read: A quiet inflation month, with rates still on hold

June 2025

Unemployment & derived demand for labor ↗

Macro unit 2 · Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
Micro unit 5 · Factor Markets

Read: Inflation picked up again

July 2025

Fiscal policy, tax incentives & incidence ↗

Macro unit 3 · National Income and Price Determination
Micro unit 2 · Supply and Demand; 6 · Market Failure and the Role of Government

Read: Hiring slowed while tax rules changed

August 2025

Unemployment & derived demand for labor ↗

Macro unit 2 · Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
Micro unit 5 · Factor Markets

Read: A tougher combination: rising prices, little hiring

September 2025

Monetary policy & investment decisions ↗

Macro unit 4 · Financial Sector; 3 · National Income and Price Determination
Micro unit 3 · Production, Cost, and the Perfect Competition Model

Read: The Fed cut rates, but the squeeze remained

October 2025

Measurement, missing data & model assumptions ↗

Macro unit 2 · Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
Micro unit 1 · Basic Economic Concepts

Read: A rate cut during a gap in economic data

November 2025

Measurement, missing data & model assumptions ↗

Macro unit 2 · Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
Micro unit 1 · Basic Economic Concepts

Read: The reports returned, with an important catch

December 2025

Monetary policy & investment decisions ↗

Macro unit 4 · Financial Sector; 3 · National Income and Price Determination
Micro unit 3 · Production, Cost, and the Perfect Competition Model

Read: The year ended with another rate cut

January 2026

Inflation, purchasing power & opportunity cost ↗

Macro unit 2 · Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
Micro unit 1 · Basic Economic Concepts

Read: A calmer price report opened 2026

February 2026

Employment measurement & labor markets ↗

Macro unit 2 · Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
Micro unit 5 · Factor Markets

Read: A job decline needs context

March 2026

Energy costs, supply shocks & production costs ↗

Macro unit 3 · National Income and Price Determination
Micro unit 2 · Supply and Demand; 3 · Production, Cost, and the Perfect Competition Model

Read: An energy surge pushed inflation higher

April 2026

Energy costs, supply shocks & production costs ↗

Macro unit 3 · National Income and Price Determination
Micro unit 2 · Supply and Demand; 3 · Production, Cost, and the Perfect Competition Model

Read: Price pressure continued beyond March

May 2026

Energy costs, supply shocks & production costs ↗

Macro unit 3 · National Income and Price Determination
Micro unit 2 · Supply and Demand; 3 · Production, Cost, and the Perfect Competition Model

Read: Annual inflation reached 4.2%

June 2026

Energy costs, supply shocks & production costs ↗

Macro unit 3 · National Income and Price Determination
Micro unit 2 · Supply and Demand; 3 · Production, Cost, and the Perfect Competition Model

Read: A price drop brought relief—with limits

July 2026

Different surveys, different labor-market measures ↗

Macro unit 2 · Economic Indicators and the Business Cycle
Micro unit 5 · Factor Markets

Read: Calmer inflation, softer payrolls

August 2026

Energy costs, supply shocks & production costs ↗

Macro unit 3 · National Income and Price Determination
Micro unit 2 · Supply and Demand; 3 · Production, Cost, and the Perfect Competition Model

Read: Hiring improved, but prices sped up again

September 2026

Contractionary monetary policy & financing costs ↗

Macro unit 4 · Financial Sector; 3 · National Income and Price Determination
Micro unit 3 · Production, Cost, and the Perfect Competition Model

Read: The Fed raised rates as inflation stayed elevated

Unit numbers follow the College Board Macro framework and Micro framework. Some units are not represented in this archive yet. AP is a trademark of College Board; this independent resource is not affiliated with or endorsed by College Board.